Appendix Cancer Diagnosis and Staging
Appendix Cancer Diagnosis and Staging
What does Appendix Cancer Staging mean?
How is Appendix Cancer diagnosed?
Which tests are used to diagnose Appendiceal Cancer?
Diagnostic tests for Appendix Cancer, Colon Cancer, Pseudomyxoma Peritonei
Accurate diagnosis of Appendix Cancer, requires thorough sampling and investigation by both experienced surgeon(s) and experienced pathologist(s).
A variety of tests are utilize the confirm the diagnosis and assess the staging to determine appropriate treatment.
The most common tumor markers (see below) used for the monitoring and diagnosis of appendix cancer are the CEA and the CA 19-9.
The CT (Computerized Tomography) scan (see below) is the preferred method (preferred over PET or MRI) of scanning to detect and monitor appendix cancer.
Your physician may order additional or different tests based on your specific needs. Other tests may include a barium enema, colonoscopy,(see below) upper GI series or ultrasonography. However, generally these particular tests are not as effective, or may not be effective at all, in diagnosing or Appendix Cancer.
Ask your physician how the Peritoneal Cancer Index (see below) relates to your specific case.
Biomarkers
Personalized Biomarkers
Source: NCI Bulletin, 2010
Biomarkers, Defined
Source: Massachusetts General Hospital, Center for Biomarker Imaging
Biomarkers Predict Outcome of EFGR Targeted Therapy Colorectal Cancers
Source: Journal of the National Cancer Inst, 2009
Biopsies
The Biopsy Report: Explains biopsies, pathology terminology, etc
Source: The Cancer Guide
Optical Biopsy
Optical Biopsy: Endoscopic Detection and Diagnosis
Source: Thomas D Wang, Stanford University 2004
WavStat Optical Biopsy
Source: SpectraScience, Inc, 2008
Colonoscopy
Colorectal Cancer Screening
Source: MD Anderson March 2010
PC's Limit Colon Cancer /Colorectal Cancer Screening Methods
Source: Reuters, July 2009
Colonoscopy is the "gold standard" test for Colorectal Cancer
Deep sedation during Colonoscopy improves cancer detection
Source: Digestive Distress Week, June 2009
CT Colonography vs Colonoscopy
Source: Reuters April 2009
"Virtual" Colonoscopy may not be covered by Medicare
Source: Medscape, May 2009
Improved screening techniques may be needed for Appendix Cancer
Source: Cancer Journal of Gastroenterology, Canada, 2009
Colonoscopies may not detect obstructions
Source: The Oncologist June 2009
Virtual Colonscopy
Source: Dept of Radiology State University of New York
Atlas of Colonscopy (graphic photos, excellent suggestions for patients prepping for post op endoscopy or colonoscopy)
Source: Helmet Messman and Jurgen Barnet, 2005
Atlas of Colonscopy (lumen and stoma details)
Video of tapeworm disovery during colonoscopy
Source: Symposier 2010
Researchers find new ways to detect flat polyps: VA hospital Palo Alto CA
Source: ABC News San Francisco, March 16, 2010
Patients who have colonoscopies performed by gastroenterologists may be less likely to develop colon cancer
Source: Science Daily, Feb 2010
CT Scans for Diagnosis of Pseudomyxoma Peritonei, Appendix Cancer, DPAM
The CT (Computerized Tomography) scan is the preferred method (preferred over PET or MRI) of scanning to detect and monitor Appendix Cancer and Pseudomyxoma Peritonei.
CT scans may include the administration of enteric IV ionic or non ionic contrast, oral contrast and rectal contrast. On average, after the contrasts have been administered, the patient spends approximately ten minutes being scanned. Scanned images may be transferred to CD format so that the patient may retain a personal copy of the test(s.)
CT Scans: What to Expect When you have a CT Scan
Source: Radiology.org
How CT scans are performed
Source: Medline
Contrasts used for CT Scans
Prevent Kidney Damage during CT Scans
Source: MedNews, July 2009
Prevention of Risks to Kidneys in Preparation for CT Scan
Source: University of Michigan, Study funded by NIH
Diagnostic Imaging in the Detection of Pseudomyxoma Peritonei originating from the Appendix
CT Images of Pseudomyxoma Peritonei
Source: MedPix
CT Diagnostics for Pseudomyxoma Peritonei
Source: Bejing 2008
Diagnostic Imaging of Pancreatic Cancer
Source: Dr Haydee Ojeda-Fournier, UCSD
Radiation Risk Articles
Radiation Risks Nearly Double for Younger Patients
Source: Health Day News, May 2010
Radiation Risks from Scans
Source: Web MD, 2010
Australians examine possible links between cancer and exposure from CT Scans
Source: The World Today, March, 2010
What are the radiation exposure risks from CT scans?
Source: ABC TV News, January 2010
EFGR
EFGR definition
Source: NCI
Click here to reference additional information about EFGR on our CHEMOTHERAPY page
Biomarkers Predict Outcome of EFGR Targeted Therapy Colorectal Cancers
Source: Journal of the National Cancer Inst, 2009
KRAS Mutation Testing and Therapy
KRAS Mutatation Predictors and Colorectal Cancers
Source: Exiqon
Genzyme Diagnostics
Source: Genzyme
Exigon Diagnostics (formerly Oncotech)
Source: Exigon
Kras mutation testing
KRAS Mutant
Source: New England Journal of Medicine, 2009
KRAS Oncogene Predictor of Response to Cetuximab
Source: Medscape July 2009
KRAS mutant status helps predict survival of Colorectal Cancer pts treated w/Cetuximab, Folifiri, Folfox 6
Source: ESMO GI, June 2009
KRAS mutant targeted therapy
Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research, 2009
Kras mutation testing
Parkland OncoDiagnostic Lab
Ras and Carcinogenesis
Source: Pub Med 1988
Tumor Markers for Diagnosis of Appendix Cancer and Pseudomyxoma Peritonei
The most common tumor markers used for the monitoring and diagnosis of Pseudomyxoma Peritonei and Appendix Cancer are the CEA** and the CA 19-9.
Your oncologist may order additional tumor marker tests.
Tumor markers are usually not used to diagnose cancer but they may used a diagnostic tool or as a method of monitoring the success of whether or not a cancer treatment, (such as chemotherapy) is effective for the patient. Although often less expensive and less invasive than other diagnostic tests, tumor marker testing is not a substitute for other tests (ie biopsies, scans, etc.) Tumor markers may be found in blood, tumors and other tissue, and in urine. Tumor markers (proteins) may be produced by cancer cells, or may be made by the body in response to cancer or other conditions including inflammation. Some cancer patients do not exhibit or produce elevated levels of particular tumor markers.
Whenever possible, tumor marker tests should be prepared at the same lab, every time, using results of the same value, ie ng/mL (nanograms per milliliter) or U/mL (units/milliliter) to avoid confusion or misinterpretation of any fluctations.
The presence of tumor markers does not necessarily indicate the diagnosis of cancer. Some tumor markers are created by normal cells. Non-cancerous conditions (ie inflammation)may also cause levels of particular tumor markers to be higher than normal.
Generally, the CEA** or Carcinoembryonic Antigen, is used to monitor appendix, colon,colorectal, gastric, liver, stomach and pancreatic cancer.
The CA 19-9* is used to monitor appendix, colorectal and pancreatic cancer.
Normal blood levels of CA 19-9 are below 37 U/mL (units/milliliter)
The CA 72-4 is use to monitor gastric, pancreatic and stomach cancer.
The Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) is also known as HER1. It may be used to monitor colon and pancreatic cancers. An increased amount of EFGR may indicate that the cancer may grow more quickly and metastasize. Patients with elevated EGFR may require more aggressive treatment, including with drugs that block (or inhibit) the EGFR receptors. The Alpha fetoprotein (AFP) used for liver cancer.
The CA 125 is used for epithelial ovarian cancer.
Normal blood levels are usually less than 35 U/mL (units/milliliter.)
The BTA may be used to monitor patients with bladder cancer, but may also be an indication of kidney stones or urinary tract infections.
Blood tests for early detection of GI Cancers
Source: Medscape Oncology Jan 2010
What are Tumor Markers?
Source: Lab Tests Online
Tumor Marker Descriptions
Source: ACS
Tumor Marker descriptions
CA 19-9 Tumor Marker Test
CEA Tumor Marker Test**
Tumor marker evaluations for Pseudomyxoma Peritonei following surgery and HIPEC
What causes slight elevations in tumor markers?
Source: PMP Pals Network
Tumor Profiling: Cell Based Oncology Assays
Exigon Diagnostics (formerly Oncotech)
Source: Exigon
Parkland OncoDiagnostic Lab personal tumor profiling
Rational Therapeutics: personal tumor profiling
(The PMP Pals' Network does not specifically endorse this or any other company. We simply provide this link for your information and for discussion with your personal healthcare provider.)
Precision Therapeutics:personal tumor profiling and analysis
The PMP Pals' Network does not specifically endorse this or any other company. We simply provide this link for your information and for discussion with your personal healthcare provider.)
Red Path: personal tumor case analysis
The PMP Pals' Network does not specifically endorse this or any other company. We simply provide this link for your information and for discussion with your personal healthcare provider.)
Pathology
Refer to our Surgeons & Specialists page for contact information for pathologists experienced indiagnosing Appendix Cancer and Pseudomyxoma Peritonei.
Pathologists experienced with the diagnosis of Pseudomyxoma Peritonei and Appendix Cancer
Armed Forces Institute of Pathology
Pathogenesis
Insights into Pathogenesis of CRC: Colorectal Cancer
Source: Current Opinion in Gastroenterology,2010
Peritoneal Cancer Index
Peritoneal Cancer Index
Source: Annual of Surgical Oncology, Feb, 2009, Dr David Morris, Dr Tristan Yan
Peritoneal Cancer Index
Source: Dr Paul H Sugarbaker
Peritoneal Cancer Index
Source: ASCO 2007, Dr Jesus Esquivel
Peritoneal Cancer Index (Ovarian)
Source: Dr A Tentes, European Journal of Surgical Oncology 2003
PET Scans for Diagnosis of Pseudomyxoma Peritonei, Appendix Cancer, DPAM
PET Scans for Healthy Adults
Source: ASCO 2004
Histoendoscopy
Histoendoscopy: Endoscopic Imaging for Colorectal Adenomas
Source: Medscape June 2009
Enteroscopy
Small bowel enterscopy
Source: Medscape, June 2009
Lab Tests, Misc.
New cancer biomarkers for diagnostic testing
Source: UCSF News, June 2009
HER2 Overexpression in Gastric Cancer Patients
Source: ASCO 2009
Nano signals: healthy vs cancerous cells
Source: ACOR June 2009
Interpreting Lab Test Results
Estrogen and Progestrogen receptor markers
K167 MIB cell marker
DNA Ploidy Cell Cycle Analysis
Kidney function testing
MRI Accurately Analyzes PCI
Dr Robert M Barone
Combined Diffusion-Weighted and Gadolinium-Enhanced MRI Can Accurately Predict the Peritoneal Cancer Index Preoperatively in Patients Being Considered for Cytoreductive Surgical Procedures
Russell N. Low MD, Robert M. Barone MD
Regional Cancer Therapies
Volume 19, Issue 5 / May , 2012
Genetic Counseling
Genomes
Genomics of Metastasis
Source: MedScape 2009
International Cancer Genome Consortium
Source:ICGC November 2008
Red Path: personal tumor case analysis
The PMP Pals' Network does not specifically endorse this or any other company. We simply provide this link for your information and for discussion with your personal healthcare provider.)
Health Insurance for Diagnostic Tests
Q&A: What does "tumor grade" refer to?
“Tumor grade” describes how much the tumor appears like normal tissue when examined under a microscope. The tumor grade helps physicians predict how quickly the cancer may grow.
G1: well-differentiated tumor cells
G2: moderately differentiated tumor cells
G3: poorly differentiated tumor cells
G4: undifferentiated tumor cells
Q&A: "What is a nanogram?"
A nanogram is one-billionth of a gram.
Cancer Staging
“What is appendix cancer staging?
“How is appendix cancer staged?”
Appendix cancer staging describes:
Where the cancer is located, where it has metastasized and whether it affects other organs.
Staging is determined from a series of diagnostic tests.
Staging helps physicians determine the most appropriate course of treatment.
Staging may also be used to assess the patient’s prognosis.
“What does TNM mean?”
TNM is an abbreviation for:
Tumor
Node (lymph nodes)
Metastasis (where the cancer has spread)
Definition of Cancer Staging
Source: American Joint Committee on Cancer
WHO Classification for Appendix Neoplasms
Mucinous Neoplasms of the Vermiform Appendix, Pseudomyxoma Peritonei, and the new WHO Classification.
Source
Pathologisches Institut, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Thalkirchner Str. 36, 80337, München, Deutschland simone.reu@med.uni-muenchen.de.
Abstract
Mucinous neoplasms of the appendix are rare tumors, some of them characterized by an enigmatic discrepancy between a benign morphologic appearance and an aggressive biologic potential, associated with a poor prognosis and high mortality.
The clinical picture of Pseudomyxoma Peritonei is, with few exceptions, caused by mucinous appendiceal neoplasms and differs in many aspects from usual Peritoneal Carcinomatosis.
The controversy regarding terminology, diagnostic criteria, classification and therapy of these tumors has lasted for decades.
The revised edition of the World Health Organization Classification of Tumors of the Digestive System proposes a uniform reporting system for mucinous appendiceal neoplasms and the peritoneal disease associated with it, thereby creating a comparable basis for pathological diagnosis, clinical therapy and further scientific studies.”
Source
Pathologisches Institut, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Thalkirchner Str. 36, 80337, München, Deutschland simone.reu@med.uni-muenchen.de.
Abstract
Mucinous neoplasms of the appendix are rare tumors, some of them characterized by an enigmatic discrepancy between a benign morphologic appearance and an aggressive biologic potential, associated with a poor prognosis and high mortality.
The clinical picture of Pseudomyxoma Peritonei is, with few exceptions, caused by mucinous appendiceal neoplasms and differs in many aspects from usual Peritoneal Carcinomatosis.
The controversy regarding terminology, diagnostic criteria, classification and therapy of these tumors has lasted for decades.
The revised edition of the World Health Organization Classification of Tumors of the Digestive System proposes a uniform reporting system for mucinous appendiceal neoplasms and the peritoneal disease associated with it, thereby creating a comparable basis for pathological diagnosis, clinical therapy and further scientific studies.”
Gastroenterologists and Colonoscopies
Which Doctor Does Your Colonoscopy May Matter
Source: Reuters 06.14.12
Source: Reuters 06.14.12
Detection of GI Cancers
New Advances Aimed at Improving Treatment, Prognosis and Detection of GI Cancers
Source: ASCO Abstract #406 01.19.12
Source: ASCO Abstract #406 01.19.12
Q& A: What's the difference between Adenomucinosis and Adenocarcinoma?
A: Dr. Brigitte Ronnett: "Adenomucinosis is pathologically and prognostic ally very different from adenocarcinoma. Adenomucinosis has very low-grade pathologic features and a better prognosis, although some patients can have more trouble with it than others.
Many patients get diagnosed with "adenocarcinoma" but we would classify these cases as adenomucinosis because they have a much better prognosis (and different pathology) than what we call adenocarcinoma. I hope more pathologists will adopt this classification system so that we can remove some of the mystery surrounding the behavior of PMP."
Q: GG states: "As you know, I write the PMP Pals newsletter from the perspective of patients. For the majority of us, our understanding of this topic (appendiceal cancer and/or Pseudomyxoma Peritonei) is rather limited. However, a clear understanding appears to be limited among local physicians as well.
Some patients become fearful to pursue treatment when they are given a dim prognosis from their local physicians. My goal is to encourage patients to educate themselves about their treatment options, with experienced specialists.
To my understanding, the first step in battling this disease is to confirm the diagnosis, then proceed in locating a qualified and experienced physician for specific treatment."
A: Dr. Brigitte Ronnett: “These are the definitions pertaining to appendiceal cancer and Pseudomyxoma Peritonei:
Adenocarcinoma - malignant tumor that forms glands; this is what we refer to as the aggressive appendiceal tumors in the category PMCA in our papers.
Mucinous adenocarcinoma - a subtype of adenocarcinoma in which the glands have mucinous cytoplasm, sometimes producing abundant extracellular mucin (causing confusion with PMP/DPAM)
Adenocarcinoid - relatively unusual tumor, typically arising in the appendix, named for its histologic similarity to carcinoid tumor of the appendix (and other organs); combines features of carcinoid (usually goblet cell carcinoid) and adenocarcinoma; thought to possibly have behavior between benign and adenocarcinoma, but in our study we found that appendiceal adenocarcinomas with adenocarcinoid appearance usually are infiltrative and aggressive, so we consider them a variant of adenocarcinoma (they have areas that resemble goblet cell carcinoid of the appendix but also can have signet ring cells and others patterns of adenocarcinoma that are aggressive types of mucinous adenocarcinoma)
Disseminated peritoneal adenomucinosis (DPAM) - term created to describe the relatively bland peritoneal mucinous tumor associated with ruptured appendiceal adenomas and PMP; we use this term to distinguish these cases from the more aggressive cases of mucinous adenocarcinoma (PMCA.)
Some pathologists believe what we call DPAM should be called well differentiated mucinous carcinoma in the appendix and peritoneum in PMP cases but this makes the process sound like the other categories of mucinous carcinoma (PMCA and PMCA with intermediate features) and causes confusion; what we call well differentiated mucinous carcinoma (PMCA with intermediate features) is different from DPAM, although these two types can be more difficult to distinguish, and we have shown that DPAM has a better prognosis than the intermediate form of PMCA, warranting separated designation.
I think DPAM is the "true" PMP.”
Visitors to www.pmppals.org are encouraged to discuss publications and information contained herein with their licensed, professional healthcare providers. The information provided on www.pmppals.org is not intended as a replacement for licensed, professional medical or legal advice.
This page is sponsored by the friends and family of Jon Bogdanoff.
Please respect your fellow patients and caregivers, and the family of Jon Bogdanoff, by not copying or cutting and pasting any pages from this website onto yours.
The PMP Pals Network is a volunteer patient advocacy program. We support the services that we provide, including this web page, as volunteers and through subscriptions to our publications.
We neither solicit nor receive funds from pharmaceutical companies or healthcare providers, thus maintaining our dedication to serving as patient advocates.
Individuals or organizations who plagiarize this copyrighted website will be prosecuted.
Copyright 2013 by PMP Pals' Network/All rights reserved. Updated 02.10.13
